Ahead of International Women’s Day, The Economist‘s glass-ceiling index (GCI) shows that women are still lagging behind their male counterparts in senior business roles, making up on average only a third of managers and just over a quarter of board seats across the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).

The GCI is a yearly assessment of where women have the best and worst chances of equal treatment at work in countries in the OECD, a group of mostly rich countries. It combines data on higher education, labor-force participation, pay, child-care costs, maternity and paternity rights, business-school applications and representation in senior jobs to create a ranking of 29 OECD countries.

This year’s index shows for the second year in a row that Sweden is the best place to work if you are a woman, followed by its Nordic neighbors, Iceland, Finland and Norway. The Nordics are particularly good at helping women complete university, secure a job, access senior positions, and take advantage of quality parental-leave systems and flexible work schedules.

South Korea bottoms out the index for the tenth year in a row, with Japan and Turkey not far behind. But there are signs of progress. A new Korean law barring big companies from having single-gender boards, set to go into effect in August 2022, helped lift the proportion of women on boards from less than 5% to 8.7%.

Elections held last year in a handful of OECD countries, including Iceland, the Netherlands, and the Czech Republic, helped push average representation of women in parliaments up to 33%. When The Economist first compiled the index in 2013, that figure was just 26%.

Additional highlights of The Economist‘s 2022 glass-ceiling index include:

• The United States fell by two places to the 20th spot, with decreases in both the proportion of women in the workforce and female GMAT-exam entrants. It is still an outlier for providing no federally-mandated parental leave
• For the first time since the ranking began, Britain moved above the OECD average to claim the 17th spot. Its share of women completing tertiary education increased from 49 percent to 52 percent, while its share of women in the workforce also grew
• France fell two places to the 7th spot, performing well overall on female corporate representation but with growing childcare costs
• Germany went up four places to 18th. Female representation in Germany’s parliament increased to over a third following elections in September, while its parental leave remains above OECD average.

This is the tenth year that The Economist has released its glass-ceiling index. When it was launched in 2013 there were five indicators and 26 countries; today it consists of ten indicators including maternity and paternity leave for 29 OECD countries.

The glass-ceiling index sits within a hub, “Women Around the World“, launched in celebration of International Women’s Day. The hub highlights some of the best coverage across The Economist on the lives of women around the world—from inspiring stories to the political and economic inequalities that persist globally. The hub includes an essay from education campaigner and Nobel laureate, Malala Yousafzai, and guest essays on education for women and girls across the world.

The hub is supported by a content-led marketing campaign, “Women shape the future”, which focuses on future-building and the education of women and girls. Creative for the campaign was produced by The Economist‘s in-house studio team, and will appear on digital display, social and podcast platforms.

To view the full interactive glass-ceiling index, please visit The Economist‘s hub with content on International Women’s Day: https://www.economist.com/IWDay 

The glass-ceiling index 2022          

Best and worst OECD countries to be a working woman

1          Sweden

2          Iceland

3          Finland

4          Norway

5          Portugal

6          Belgium

7          France

8          New Zealand

9          Poland

10        Canada

11        Slovakia

12        Denmark

13        Spain

14        Australia

15        Austria

16        Italy

17        Britain

            OECD average

18        Germany

19        Ireland

20        United States

21        Netherlands

22        Israel

23        Czech Republic

24        Hungary

25        Greece

26        Switzerland

27        Turkey

28        Japan

29        South Korea